Amphetamine-induced anxiety-related behavior in animal models.
Journal Title: Pharmacological Reports - Year 2007, Vol 59, Issue 6
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the anxiety-related effects of acute and repeated amphetamine administration using the elevated plus maze (EPM) and light/dark box tests in mice. D-amphetamine (2 mg/kg ip, 30 min after injection) had a significant anxiogenic effect only in the EPM test, as shown by specific decreases in the percentage of time spent in the open arms as well as in the percentage of open arm entries. Tolerance to this anxiogenic action developed after 8 days of daily d-amphetamine administration (2 mg/kg, ip). An anxiolytic effect was observed after the ninth injection, i.e. there were specific increases in the percentage of time spent in the open arms and in the percentage of open arm entries. L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonists: nimodipine (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, ip), flunarizine (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, ip), verapamil (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, ip), and diltiazem (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, ip) were also injected prior to an acute low dose of d-amphetamine or to each injection of subchronic d-amphetamine. Our results revealed that calcium channel blockers dose-dependently attenuated both an anxiogenic effect of d-amphetamine and the development of tolerance to this effect. Our results suggest that neural calcium-dependent mechanisms are involved in the anxiety-related responses to acute and subchronic amphetamine injection that may lead to addiction relapse in human users.
Authors and Affiliations
Grażyna Biała, Marta Kruk
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP123707
- DOI -
- Views 128
- Downloads 0
Concomitant use of carbamazepine and olanzapine and the effect on some behavioral functions in rats.
As shown in clinical studies, combinations of first generation normothymics (carbamazepine - CBZ) with atypical neuroleptics (olanzapine - OLA) lead to improvements in approximately half of patients treated for relapses...
Research advances in basic mechanisms of seizures and antiepileptic drug action.
Epilepsy is a common neurological disease but the mechanism of seizure generation has been only partially unraveled. Furthermore, almost 30% of epileptic patients are resistant to pharmacological treatment. Therefore, el...
Gender differences in genetic mouse models evaluated for depressive-like and antidepressant behavior.
Depression is a mental disease that affects complex cognitive and emotional functions. It is believed that depression is twice as prevalent in women as in men. This phenomenon may influence the response to various antide...
Cytokines, prostaglandins and nitric oxide in the regulation of stress-response systems.
Hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is accepted as one of the fundamental biological mechanisms that underlie major depression. This hyperactivity is caused by diminished feedback inhibition of...
Increased IL-6 trans-signaling in depression: focus on the tryptophan catabolite pathway, melatonin and neuroprogression.
Depression has been conceptualized as a disorder driven by immuno-inflammatory pathways and oxidative and nitrosative stress. These factors couple to the induction of neuroregulatory tryptophan catabolites via the activa...