Adherence to Hypoglycemic Medication among Insulin-Treated Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Journal Title: Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences - Year 2017, Vol 42, Issue 4
Abstract
Type-2 diabetes is a progressive metabolic disease requiring ongoing medical care. Despite different therapeutic regimens for diabetes, only a few patients achieve the glycemic target,1 which might be the result of poor medication adherence and other aspects of self-management. Medication adherence is described as the extent to which patients take medication according to the prescribed dosage.2 To the best of our knowledge, medication adherence, particularly insulin, in diabetes patients, has been poorly investigated in developing countries such as Iran. Furthermore, barriers to compliance with each medicine were not exactly determined by previous studies. Thus, the current study was designed to evaluate the level of adherence to hypoglycemic medication among insulin-treated patients with type-2 diabetes. In addition, parameters associated with adherence were assessed. A total of 150 insulin-treated type-2 diabetes patients at a mean age of 55.66±8.85 years were enrolled in this study. Self-reported medication adherence on the preceding day and over the preceding week as well as related barriers was assessed. The association between the adherence rate and the patients’ characteristics was assessed using the Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to measure the association between the adherence rate and the ranked variables. The analyses were conducted using SPSS, version 11.5, at a significance level of less than 5%. This study was funded and supported by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Informed consent was obtained from all the patients. The adherence rate to all oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) over the preceding week was 81.04±32.09%, and the patients had taken 78.85±37.62% of the prescribed OHAs on the preceding day. There was a significant correlation between medication adherence over the preceding week and on the preceding day (the Spearman correlation coefficient, r=0.807, P<0.001). The greatest compliance was observed with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (100%) and meglitinides (100%); nonetheless, only 5 participants used these drugs. If these drugs were excluded, the greatest level of adherence would belong to metformin (87.01±27.23%). The most common self-reported obstacle for adherence was “forgetting”, followed by “unavailability of medicine” at home and “patients’ beliefs” as regards medication. Some patients who were taking thiazolidinedione believed that this drug failed to improve their glycemic levels; moreover, side effects in this class were more than those by other OHAs. Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) was the most common prescribed insulin, with more than half of the patients using it. Lantus was the most frequent pen insulin. The patients reported very high levels of adherence in this case. The compliance rate for insulin over the preceding week was 92.47±18.99%, and the patients took 93.68±19.37% of the prescribed insulin on the preceding day. There was a significant correlation between the adherence level over the preceding week and on the preceding day (the Spearman correlation coefficient, r=0.574, P<0.001). With respect to insulin classes, the compliance level was highest among the patients receiving Lantus insulin (95.58±18.54%) and was lowest among those receiving NovoRapid insulin (85.71±24.39%). “Forgetting” was the 1st reason for non-adherence in all types of insulin, while “dependence on another person” for injection among the NPH insulin users, “cost” among the pen insulin users, “adverse side effects” among the regular insulin users, and “patients’ beliefs” as regards the ineffectiveness of insulin among 70/30 users were reported as the other obstacles. Evaluating the effects of the patients’ characteristics on the level of adherence indicated that the married participants had a significantly higher rate of adherence to insulin (P<0.001). There was an inverse correlation between age and insulin adherence on the preceding day (the Spearman correlation coefficient r=-0.208, P=0.011). Other demographic factors such as gender, education, income, total number of OHAs or dose of insulin, and duration of diabetes treatment did not affect the adherence level significantly. An assessment of the correlation between self-reported adherence and metabolic control indicated an inverse relation between the A1C level and medication adherence over the preceding week (the Spearman correlation coefficient, r=-0.15, P=0.05). Our findings showed acceptable compliance with treatment among type-2 diabetes patients treated with insulin, including both insulin and OHAs. Nonetheless, adherence to prescribed insulin was more than adherence to OHAs. The identified barrier to adherence to each medication should be taken into account to optimize diabetes management and clinical effectiveness.
Authors and Affiliations
Parisa Zarei-Shargh, Atieh Mehdizadeh-Hakkak, Mohammad Bagherniya, Lida Jarahi, Zohreh Mousavi
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP247314
- DOI -
- Views 162
- Downloads 0
Subtypes of Benign Breast Disease as a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol
Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease. Benign breast disease (BBD) is one of the most important risk factors for breast cancer. The etiology of BBD is unknown. It is divided into nonproliferative and proliferative di...
Atypical Kawasaki Disease Presenting with Hemiparesis and Aphasia: A Case Report
Kawasaki disease (KD) is an inflammatory vasculitis. KD is classified into two groups based on clinical characteristics criteria, namely classic and incomplete. Cerebral vascular abnormality, especially arterial ischemic...
Pain Relief with Wet Cupping Therapy in Rats is Mediated by Heat Shock Protein 70 and ß-Endorphin
Background: Wet cupping therapy is a complementary therapy in pain management. The mechanism of this therapy, however, needs further elucidation. Cells injured by wet cupping therapy seem to stimulate the expression of h...
Multilocus Sequence Typing of the Clinical Isolates of Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Tehran Hospitals
Background: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is one of the most important serovars of Salmonella enterica and is associated with human salmonellosis worldwide. Many epidemiological studies have focused on the char...
Reactive Oxygen Species and p38MAPK Have a Role in the Smad2 Linker Region Phosphorylation Induced by TGF-β
Background: Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in addition to the C-terminal region can phosphorylate receptor-regulated Smads (R-Smads) in their linker region. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of...