AIR POLLUTION FROM FOSSIL FUEL IN ARAB REGION
Journal Title: International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology - Year 30, Vol 4, Issue 6
Abstract
The issue of air quality conditions and atmospheric pollution in the Arab Region has been addressed through consideration of the energy production and energy consumption pattern. Global, regional and local sources of air pollution in the study have been considered. Emission scenarios of many Arab countries of the region have been outli ned. It has been realized that air pollution constitutes one of the major sources of loss on GNP of many Arab countries in the region due to weak institutional capabilities for air pollution management and control. Major types of air pollution sources in t he region such as greenhouse gas emissions and other gases from various industries are considered. Local sources of air pollution are found due to urban growth, transportation systems, industrialization and lack of awareness and shortage of institutional c apabilities all contributed to the relatively low air quality and weak control in the Arab Region. The purpose of this paper is to review all available literature on the issue of air pollution in Arab countries due to combustion of fossil fuel coming from mobile sources and petroleum gas flaring in order to present the dire situation of the air quality in Arab countries. The report is organized based on certain factors which make the transport sector , power plants and associated gas flaring are significan t polluters of the air in the Arab region. We present a brief introduction to the composition of the transport sector in most of Arab countries and the forms of emissions resulting from it, then the report continues with the explanation of the major impact s that old - aged machines like automobiles, old petroleum production technology and old electrical energy plants technology have in terms of causing air pollution in these countries and thus; making them very inefficient and also very harmful towards the en vironment in most of Arab countries. In this paper also we have used the statistical data during the years 2005 - 2008 in terms of air pollution in most of Arab countries compared with each other. We have taken for study six largest air polluting agents th at are accepted by international organizations such as NAAQS (Air Quality Standards National Environmental), EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) of U.S. and sometimes (USEPA), which today are used widely worldwide, and the WHO. The six pollutants are: CO - Carbon Mono - oxide, Ozone O3, at the lower atmospheric layers, Pb - lead, SO2, sulfur dioxide, PM10 (and in some cases PM2.5) – particles of dust, and NO2 - nitrogen oxide. In the present study is analyzed also the ways of reducing the environmental pollution by emissions of gases that cause mobile engines in urban areas. In the study is given changes in emissions of gases depending on the improvement of mobile construction, according to years of production, in accordance with the requirements established by the legislation of EU countries and mobile manufactures. The level of emissions from automobile engines in the city of Tabuk (Saudi - Arabia), for all types of engines is taken as examples to be measured and examined according to the years of production. It ’s found that changing the structure vehicle inserted in use for automobiles of production after 1996, their pollution level decreases twice. Also in the study is analyzed the possibility of modifying the urban intersections with additional lanes before cr ucifixion to reduce the residence time of vehicles in traffic and reduce environmental pollution to two times. Furthermore, we analyze the issue of the low quality fuel being used in some of these countries which increases the emissions of harmful waste gases. Moreover, this paper also presents the issue(s) of the lack of legal control which further enables mobile sources to circulate without catalytic converters.
Authors and Affiliations
MohamedGomma Elnour , Hala Abbas Laz
Keywords
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