Effects of Smoking on Periodontium
Journal Title: IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) - Year 2018, Vol 17, Issue 7
Abstract
Periodontitis is second most common cause of tooth loss in developed countries.[1 ] Many cross-sectional studies have proved that prevalence of periodontal disease is affected by smoking [2-4]Tobacco smoking, in the form of cigarette smoking, is the most important risk factor in periodontitis.[5]There are different forms of tobacco smoking such as cigarette, beedi, chutta and hook and cigarette. Tobacco smoke includes very harmful substances like oxidating radicals, carbon monoxide, nicotine and carcinogens like nitrosamines. It is also associated with many other health problems like respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases and different kind of cancers (6).Smoking increases the number and depth of periodontal pockets. Harmful compounds in tobacco can also increase gingival recession and bring detrimental changes in the oral mucosa (7)Moderate and severe periodontitis is 2 to 20 times higher in smokers than nonsmokers is. [8, 9]Smoking can also effects on epithelial thickness (10) Smokers shows less signs of inflammation and gingival bleeding compared to nonsmokers [11, 12] Systemic inflammatory markers can change in response to harmful materials from smoking [13].Alpha 1-antitrypsin level can evidently rise in smokers and this elevated levels are proportional to the extent of smoking [14]Reduced bleeding in smokers is due to gingival vasoconstriction induced by the actions of nicotine-stimulated adrenaline. Harmful components of cigarette smoke are able to alter the function of immune cells [15, 16]Furthermore, Current smokers are more prone to periodontal breakdown compared to former smokers. Smoking has a strong negative impact on regenerative therapy, including osseous grafting, guided tissue regeneration, or a combination of this treatment. [17]Smoking impairs the immune response and compromises the periodontal tissue's ability to heal. [18] Josef [19]] examined that effect of both smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked had deleterious effect on periodontal status. [20] Ankola et al.,[21]concluded that smoking was associated with higher plaque and calculus deposits by comparative study of periodontal status and loss of teeth among smokers and nonsmokers of Belgaum city [22] Amount of plaque is also greater in smokers compare to non-smokers. Periodontal disease might be due to greater amounts of plaque accumulation in smokers. It is shown that subgingival plaque contains High prevalence of Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonasgingivali and Tannerella forsythia [23].
Authors and Affiliations
Dr. Jhanvi Patel, Dr. Hitarth Patel, Dr. Darshanaben Patel, Dr. Krishna Patel, Nishi Dave, Dr. Mamata Chaudhari
Keywords
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- EP ID EP377446
- DOI 10.9790/0853-1707097175.
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