Gender Difference, Nutritional Supplements and Drug use in Sport to Enhancing Performance: an Italian Revision over the Last Decade
Journal Title: Sport Mont - Year 2019, Vol 17, Issue 1
Abstract
In last years, there has been a multitude of studies on doping, such as in recreational and in amateur sport. The extent of this phenomenon was clarified for special populations (like e.g. bodybuilders) and for special substances (mostly for anabolic steroids). Doping is present in sportsmen and women; the reasons why may be many and various. The aim of this study is to discover the gender disparity of drugs addiction as doping practice and breakdown by sport bodies and gender. The data show the anti-doping test took place on Italian professional athletes during the last years: from 2007 to 2017. Data showed are originated from the report commissioned by the Italian Ministry of Health. About checked doped athletes there are significant gender differences in doping attitude and/or in doping profiling. First of all, males seem to be more exposed to doping than females. The prohibited substances most frequently used by females athletes are diuretics and masking agents (10 athletes in 2014), cannabinoids (5 in 2007) and stimulants (5 in 2011) compared to males athletes who use mostly anabolic agents (27 in 2017), cannabinoids (20 in 2012) and diuretics and masking agents (17 in 2011 e 2014). The addiction of doping substances, depends on various factors related to gender, but what drives men and women is the sense of gratification and ego orientation. Nowadays a significant number of women joined official and Olympic competitions. Doping to enhance female sport performances took importance from the two last decades of the past century.
Authors and Affiliations
Filomena Mazzeo, Stefania Santamaria, Pietro Montesano
Keywords
Related Articles
- EP ID EP548932
- DOI 10.26773/smj.190212
- Views 62
- Downloads 0
SWIMMERS REACTION SPEED ON THE START OF 50M FREESTYLE EVENT
Swimming belongs to the group of monostructural activities as cyclic type with acyclic strucutre at start, turn and finish. Swimming perfomance duting the race can be divided in four main parts: start, turn, swimming and...
POVEZANOST EKSPLOZIVNE SNAGE DONJIH EKSTREMITETA SA REZULTATIMA TESTOVA ZA PROCENU AGILNOSTI KOD MLADIH KOŠARKAŠA
The sample of 85 basketball players at the age 15-18 years (15,48 ±1,13 years, 72.11 ±10.35 kg, 185.56 ±8.98 cm) have performed motoric test baterry (high jump, long jump, 20 metres sprint, T-test, and Zig-zag test). Wit...
THE SYNDROME OF STRENGTH IN THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH
As the sam ple for this re se arch, we ha ve used world re cords da ta con cer ning we ight-lif ting. Strength, as a bi o lo gi cal phe no me non, is most ob vi o usly stres sed in this sport di sci pli ne. This pa per a...
UNIVERZALNI MODEL SELEKCIJE ZA VRHUNSKO SPORTSKO STVARALAŠTVO
Sportsko stvaralštvo i realizacija vrhunskih dometa u bilo kojem uzrastu, direktna je funkcija nekoliko međusobno povezanih faktora, među kojima se naročito ističu tri: a) genetske biološke predispozicije, b) utjecaj tra...
SUBJECTIVE AND OBJECTIVE ESTIMATION OF THE LEVEL OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION IN SERVICE OF CONSERVING HEALTH STATUS IMPROVEMENT
Introduction: Results of ever increasing number of research indicating to number of benefits of regular physical activity has influenced formation of many directions on recommended volume and intensity of exercise which...