HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF THE FORMATION OF CATEGORIES OF THE INSTITUTION OF NECESSARY DEFENCE ON UKRAINIAN LANDS
Journal Title: Вісник Запорізького національного університету. Юридичні науки - Year 2017, Vol 3, Issue
Abstract
The article is devoted to the historical study of the formation of the main categories of the institute of necessary defence on Ukrainian lands. Such a system of the legal categories that provide the formation of the modern structure of the institute of the necessary defence (of the criminal-law defence) are constitute: 1) the name; 2) the legal nature; 3) the system of objects of protection; 4) the legal ground; 5) the objective side; 6) the subjects of application; 7) exceeding the permissible limits; 8) the special cases of protection. The author conducts a comparative legal analysis of the legislative fixing of such categories in the limits of the eight historical periods of development of the Ukrainian criminal law and makes the generalized findings, namely: 1) the first legislative definition of such a legitimate act was determined in the Military Statute of 1715 as “needful protect” (Article 156), and the final formation of the name “necessary defence” took place in the Criminal Code of 1903 (Article 45); 2) the legal nature of the necessary defence was originally characterized as a ground, which excludes either the guilt or punishment of the act. Only in the norms of the Criminal Code of 1903, its legal nature was already considered as such that excludes criminality of the act (it was expressly noted that “it is not considered a criminal act <…>”; 3) the system of objects of protection, which are enshrined in the current norms on the necessary defence of the Criminal Code of Ukraine in 2001, was formed in the seventh (soviet) period, and their concrete definition (“life, health or freedom of the persons” – the Code about punishment of the criminal and correctional in 1842), which existed during the Russian Empire, did not pass to the current criminal legislation of Ukraine; 4) the legal ground to the application of the necessary defence was initially used the category of “assault” and only in the norms of the Criminal Code of 1903, it was reformulated into an “encroachment”, which, during the soviet period, received an additional feature to describe – “socially dangerous” (the Criminal Code in 1960); 5) the historical formulation of the content of the objective side of the necessary defence was constantly changing at each stage of its development, and for the characterization of the subjects of its application, there was formed a sensible and logical title – “the person, who is defensive”; 6) the incipience of a mechanism of criminal responsibility for exceeding the limits of the necessary defence and emerging special crimes were initially appeared in the norms of the Code about punishment of the criminal and correctional 1842 (Articles 1467 and 1493) and were continued to develop during the independence of Ukraine.
Authors and Affiliations
B. M. Orlovskiy
Keywords
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