Критерії визначення функціонального стану полезахисних лісосмуг
Journal Title: Питання біоіндикації та екології - Year 2017, Vol 22, Issue 1
Abstract
The presence of shelter belts is a prerequisite for effective agroproduction in the steppe regions of Ukraine. The shelter belts carry out a number of important functions, including soil protection from erosion, increasing crop yields, protection of crops from dry winds and black storms, improvement of water regime and microclimate of fields, preservation and increasing of land fertility, snow retention, etc. The youngest forest belts existing on the territory of the Steppe zone of Ukraine were created in the late 80s of the last century. Most forest belts are now in unsatisfactory condition. Despite this, there are almost no effective measures to care for and restore forest belts in Ukraine nowadays. The condition of most Dnipropetrovsk forest belts causes concern, since the long absence of the necessary care for them has turned into a critical problem of national importance. The acute and immediate problem of shelter belts is the lack of reliable data on their actual state. Proceeding from this and in order to determine the criteria for assessing the functional state of forest belts, the parameters of the circulation of organomineral substances and heavy metals were studied in the research (on the example of a field-protective plantation of white oak). The study subject is the biological rotation of organomineral substances in forest belts, using a white-oak field-protective planting for soil-protecting and water-regulating purposes as an example. The territory of the International Prysamars’ky Biosphere Station, which is located in the village of Andryjivka, Novomoskovsk district of the Dnipropetrovsk region was chosen for the analysis. The forest belt is located on the top of the inland plateau, between the rivers Sorokovushka and Samara. The main tree species are Robinia pseudoacacia L., in the undergrowth: Sambucus nigra L., S. rasemosa L., Ribes nigrum L., Swida alba (L.) etc. The main method of study is a biogeocenotic approach of V.M. Sukachov, and the principal scientific research idea is the typological principles of the Ukrainian forests by O.L. Belgard. Litterfall resources, their fractional composition and mechanical properties were determinated by unified methods. The spatial and physicochemical parameters of the dead phytomass and the nature of migration of substances and heavy metals were determined according to the thesises of G. Bogatyryov, N.I. Bazilevich, L.E. Rodina, N.M. Tsvetkova, V.P. Bessonova etc. Sampling of soils and plants for measuring the content of heavy metals (HM) was carried out according to generally accepted procedures. The obtained results were processed by variational statistics methods. The main parameters were measured in the investigated forest belt. It is determined that in the 5-row plantation the distance between the rows is 2,5 m, the distance between the trees is 3 m. The height of the coppice shoots of the Robinia pseudoacacia, which was formed in the plantation in the steppe virgin soil, is 1–4 m. The width of the forest belt is 20 m. The height of the stand is 13–17 m. The average diameter of the trunks is 60 cm. The litterfall thickness during the study period varied from May to September, decreased from 3,4 to 1,9 cm, which indicates the intensive process of decomposition of dead biomass in the warm period of the year, associated with the activation of destructive organisms and favorable climatic conditions. During the study, the pH of the aqueous extract from the litterfall was almost unchanged, remaining at a level of 5,8–5.9, and did not differ from that for leaf-fall. The ash content of the leaf-fall decreased to about 21 %, and for litterfall this indicator increased from 24,3 to 45,4 during the May-September period, which is explained by the leaching of the organic component of the litterfall into the soil and its rapid involvement in the processes of the substances circulation. A low percentage of the grassy fraction (about 4 %) and a high content of rotten wood in the litterfall (about 70 %) indicates a normal development of the plantation according to the forest type. With the purpose of clarifying the state of the ecosystem, the intensity of the circulation of substances in the forest belt was studied and it was revealed that for organomineral substances this figure is 4,96±0,8 (the inhibited cycle), and for mineral substances – 3,46±1,9 (the inhibited cycle). Such indicators coincide with similar data in natural forests, which gives grounds for drawing conclusions about the silvate (forest) development of the studied artificial community. The results of measuring the content of heavy metals in the root-unsaturated soil layer of the forest belt showed a slight excess of the background content of Pb and Cd and a significantly lower Fe content from the background level. Excess of GDK for all TM in forest belt soil is not fixed. The content of Pb and Cd is higher in the litterfall than in the leaf-fall, on average 2,35 times as much, the other HM studied are rapidly involved in the biological cycles and therefore their content in the litterfall is lower than in the leaf-fall 0,2–0,8 times as much, with the exception of Mn, which is almost identical in the litterfall and leaf-fall. The difference in the stocks of Pb, Fe, Mn, Ni in the litterfall and the fa leaf-fall shows an excess of their quantity in the litterfall 7,7; 3,61; 4,5 and 1,6 times as much, respectively. Similar data for Zn and Cd are one, as for Cu, there is no accumulation in the litterfall, which is evidenced by three times as much reserves of the element in the litterfall. The proportion between total ratio and active forms of HM indicates a low mobility of Ni, Cd, Pb and Cu. The most mobile element was Zn, the content of its active form is 50 % of the total ratio. The general idea of the shelter belts, their dynamics and functioning is possible after their detailed comprehensive study. Thoroughly integrated studies of shelter belts in Ukraine is a priority task in the implementation of effective measures and agro-forestry. As the criteria for determining the functional state of the shelter belts, following indicators can be used: the height and the closeness of the stand, trunk diameter, the presence of shrubby undergrowth and grass cover under the forest canopy, supplies, power, ash content and acidity of dead phytomass, microelement status and HM transformation in the «dead phytomass – soil» system. The presented work is a part of complex monitoring researches of a condition of a network of shelter belts in Dnipropetrovsk region, and should be investigated further with the purpose of giving practical recommendations concerning care of existing plantations and creation new plantations for different agricultural purposes. Исследованы показатели функционального состояния и особенностей биологического круговорота органо-минеральных веществ полезащитных полос на примере белоакациевого насаждения водорегулирующего и полезащитного характера. Проведено измерение основных параметров лесополосы таких как высота и сомкнутость древостоя, диаметр стволов, наличие кустарникового подлеска и травянистого покрова под древесным пологом. Измерены запасы и мощность подстилочного слоя и древесного опада, определены показатели зольности подстилки и опада и их рН в течение периода май–сентябрь. Изучены содержание и запасы Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni и Mn в подстилке и опаде белоакациевого полезащитного насаждения, а также количество тяжёлых металлов в валовой и подвижной форме в корнеобитаемом слое почвы биогеоценоза
Authors and Affiliations
Марина Якуба Yakuba M. S.
Keywords
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