SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS TO FEMALE HIGHER EDUCATION IN PAKHTOON SOCIETY
Journal Title: European Journal of Business and Social Sciences - Year 2013, Vol 2, Issue 4
Abstract
The major objective of the study was to examine social constraints to female Higher education in Pakhtoon society at Batkhela district Malakand. The conceptual frame work comprises of dependent variable higher education and independent variable social constraint. A sum of 390 samples size was purposively selected out of 38222 population from the universe. To test the association between dependent and independent variables (chi square test) was used. The result shows that independent variable is high significantly associated with the phenomena of female education. The findings show that the association between education and the females feel secure himself in going to educational institution is highly significant (P=0.000). Similarly the relationship was found a highly significant (P=0.000) between education and existing social values as a cause for low female higher education. Furthermore a high significant (P=0.000) association between attitude of the community and education was found and show that the attitude of the community is normal towards female education. Furthermore a high significant (P=0.000) association between ignorance and education was found which indicate that females are ignored in education by the society. Similarly a highly significant (P=0.000) association between family and education was found which indicates that in their family the female gets higher education. Moreover a highly significant (P=0.000) association between opportunities to female and education was found which shows that the lack of opportunities for women causes low female higher education. Furthermore a highly significant (P=0.000) association between psychological support to female and education was found which shows that the community provides psychological support to female in getting higher education. Likewise a highly significant (P=0.000) association between gender discrimination and education was found which shows that there is gender discrimination in getting education. Equally, highly significant (P=0.000) association between coeducational institutions and education were found which shows that female will not send to coeducational institutions. Furthermore a highly significant (P=0.000) association between harassment and education was found which shows that no harassment was observed to female from public/outside. Government & civil society should work together on long-term basis to eliminate negative attitude against female education. Media should play his role in promoting importance of female education. Men should be sensitized to support women to take active part in education. Raising awareness campaign regarding female education through involvement of popular religious and political leadership were the major policy recommendations of the study.
Authors and Affiliations
HAMAD KHAN| Research scholar, Department of Rural Sociology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University, Peshawar, AKHTAR ALI| Lecturer, Department of Rural Sociology, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Agricultural University, Peshawar, PROF. DR. RASHID KHAN| Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Peshawar, DR. YORID AHSAN ZIA| Lecturer, Quaid-e-Azam College of Commerce, University of Peshawar
Keywords
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