ТРАДИЦІЇ ЖАНРУ КАЛЕНДАРЯ В ЛІТЕРАТУРІ ДЛЯ ДІТЕЙ
Journal Title: Вісник Маріупольського державного університету. Серія: Філологія - Year 2018, Vol 11, Issue 19
Abstract
В статті здійснено огляд випусків щорічного дитячого календаря «Дванадцять місяців», який виходив регулярно з 1958 по 1996 роки у київському видавництві «Дитвидав», та проведено порівняльний аналіз із відповідними за структурою альманахами для дітей, виданими у Російській та Австро-Угорській імперіях упродовж ХIХ – початку ХХ ст. As a printed publication type, in terms of research calendar attracts interest from such fields as journalism, literary studies, linguistics, and pedagogics. With regard to calendar’s appeal to adult audience, scholars record both periods of genre activity and of its decline, analyzing the causes of these developments. However, calendar has not been investigated in contemporary Ukrainian literary studies as a literary collection addressed to children as recipients, suffering from the same lack of diachronic analysis as literature for children in general, although special focus on children as audience allows the researcher to trace the semantic variability in the «childhood» category, identify the transformation in the means of children’s socialization (corresponding to the sociocultural existence), and find ways of practical application, in particular in the publishing industry. The study is based on the sources constituted by the collections stored in the Department of Rare and Valuable Publications of the National Library of Ukraine for Children and books published on the territory of Ukraine during the 19th–20th centuries. The paper reviews the issues of the annual children's calendar Dvanadtsiat Misiatsiv (Twelve Months), which was published regularly from 1958 to 1996 in the publishing house Dytvydav (Kyiv). The available sources convincingly speak to the intensity of publishing activity pertaining to calendar books starting from the end of the 1940s, as well as this genre’s undeniable popularity in the 1960s–1990s (Dvanadtsiat Misiatsiv had a circulation of 50 thousand copies in Ukraine only). We believe that the reason behind this phenomenon was not the crisis of consciousness, the need to rethink and either refute / destroy or confirm / preserve traditional values; rather, such a trend was caused by the acquisition and accumulation of certain experience in publishing and creative activities focused on the child as a reader, the emergence of a significant number of educated, professional people – writers, illustrators, editors. Thus, the best Ukrainian writers and artists worked in the publishing house Dytvydav (Raiduha (Rainbow) since 1962) at a certain point during those years. Based on the comparative analysis of the collections for children published in the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires, we can conclude that the traditions formed by educators in the field of book production aimed at a wide range of readers, in particular children, were adopted and used creatively by the editors-compilers of the Ukrainian children's calendar. The didactic goal (to entertain and form virtues in a «natural» way) served as the main criterion governing the selection of artistic, journalistic, scientific material. The principle of mosaicity, i.e., discussing everything related to the everyday and emotional experiences of a child, has a decades-long history of application in educational publications, textbooks, reading-books, determining their thematic and genre orientation; we can observe the transfer of the same premise to calendar-almanac for preschoolers and junior schoolchildren. Given the intersectional nature of the almanac, its embedded transitionality between literature and journalism, as well as genre diversity and a paradoxical combination of fact and fiction, its internal unity is important. This is achieved mainly through the book’s design, its composition, the style of illustrations. For instance, personification – popular since the times of antiquity and Middle Ages and the main means of imagery used in mass culture – has been transferred to children's calendars (the calendar personified in a boy called Calendaryk, the personification of months etc.); in addition, widely known symbolism of plants and colors corresponding to the season is used. The festive semantics of the calendar (selection of text material, illustrations, design of the publication) and its atmosphere – antithesis to everyday life – endorses optimism, cheerfulness, life-affirming basis of existence on all levels, which establishes a view of childhood as a joyous, happy period in each person’s life.
Authors and Affiliations
Тамара Степанівна Бакіна
Keywords
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